![]() ![]() They are synthesized in secreting cells of glandular trichomes in a biosynthetic pathway from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) as the parent precursor of both phytocannabinoids and terpenes. Among them, more than 100 are classified as phytocannabinoids, the family of plant-derived C 21 or C 22 terpenophenolic compounds, including analogues and metabolites. sativa, belonging to the various classes of natural products such as mono- and sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, steroidsand nitrogen-containing compounds. Ī wide variety of chemical constituents, i.e., more than 750 compounds, have been identified in C. sativa is considered suitable for all plants from the genus. Today, due to the difficulty in distinguishing cannabis species either morphologically or chemically, and given the continuous changes occurring in subspecies according to the cultivation environment, the designation C. kafiristanca are currently recognized as subspecies. , although other reported taxa for this genus, such as C. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) considers that the plant has only one recognized species, C. sativa is considered a plant with inconclusive taxonomic organization and evolutionary history that are the subject of constant scientific debates. More than 2 centuries later, despite its wide use, C. sativa was first classified in 1753 by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linné). Phytocannabinoids are mainly accumulated in the glands of both capitate stalked and capitate-sessile trichomes, but mostly in the latter. The inflorescences of the female plants produce several individual bunches of flowers, a large cluster on the upper torso and various small clusters in each branch, covered by trichome glands containing resin rich in phytocannabinoids and terpenoids. ![]() It grows up to 5 m height, with serrated leaves with a distinct vein pattern that extends to their tips. sativa is an annual dioecious plant with histaminate male and pistillate female flowers on separate plants. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.Ĭ. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980–2021). ![]() ![]() The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. ![]()
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