![]() ![]() ACAM2000, a live vaccinia virus-based preparation, and MVA-BN, a non-replicating smallpox vaccine, were both licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for active immunization against smallpox ( 8). There are several available smallpox vaccines, including ACAM20, MVA-BN and LC16. To date, there is no specialized vaccine against MPXV, but a small study based on previous African data estimated that the smallpox vaccine may provide approximately 85% cross-protection against MPXV ( 7). Hence, an effective vaccination against MPXV is warranted. However, aside from several antiviral drugs for smallpox (Tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir) that can be used to treat monkeypox under certain conditions, there is no proven post-exposure treatment ( 6). As of 13 November 2022, a total of 79,411 laboratory-confirmed monkeypox cases and 50 deaths have been reported in 109 countries, according to WHO ( 5). However, since May 2022, there has been a sharp increase in the number of MPXV infections worldwide, with the majority of confirmed cases occurring in countries that have not historically reported human monkeypox, and there are no obvious links between the documented cases in different countries ( 4). ![]() Since then, sporadic cases have been detected from time to time, but most of them were confined to West and Central African nations, or have a history of travel to African countries or exposure to imported animals ( 3). The MPXV was first identified in humans in 1970 ( 3). Most cases of monkeypox present with mild disease symptoms, such as fever, rash, lymphadenopathy and intense asthenia, but certain population groups (children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals) may suffer from severe disease or complications, including secondary bacterial infections, pneumonitis, respiratory distress, sepsis, encephalitis and even loss of vision following cornea infection ( 2). Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by an enveloped double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus known as monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family ( 1). The results of the immune simulation indicated that both MPXV-2 and MPXV-5 could effectively induce robust protective immune responses in the human body.Ĭonclusion: The MPXV-2 and MPXV-5 have good efficacy against the MPXV in theory, but further studies are required to validate their safety and efficacy. The results of molecular docking showed that the MPXV-2 and MPXV-5 had a stronger affinity to TLRs (TLR2 and TLR4) and MHC (HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-DRB1*02:01) molecules, and the analyses of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation have further confirmed the strong binding stability of MPXV-2 and MPXV-5 with TLRs and MHC molecules. After the evaluation of various immunological and physicochemical parameters, MPXV-2 and MPXV-5 were selected for further analysis. Results: Five vaccine constructs (MPXV-1-5) were formed. The immunogenicity of the designed vaccines was evaluated via immune simulation. The Molecular docking and molecular dynamics(MD) simulation were run to understand the binding mode and binding stability between the vaccines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). The biophysical andbiochemical features of vaccine candidates were evaluated. The shortlisted epitopes were fused with appropriate adjuvants and linkers to vaccine candidates. Methods: Three target proteins, A35R and B6R, enveloped virion (EV) form-derived antigens, and H3L, expressed on the mature virion (MV) form, were selected for epitope identification. In this study, several multi-epitope vaccines were designed against the MPXV using immunoinformatics approaches. There are, however, no proven therapies or vaccines available for monkeypox. ![]() 6Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, Chinaīackground: Since May 2022, cases of monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), have been increasingly reported worldwide.5Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China.4Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.3Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.2National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.1Department of Infection Control Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. ![]()
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